The bid/ask spreads might not apply to retail customers at banks, which will routinely mark up the difference to say 1.4100 / 1.4300 for transfers, or say 1.4000 / 1.4400 for banknotes or travelers' checks. Spot prices at market makers vary, but on EUR/USD are usually no more than 3 pips wide (i.e. 0.0003).

A Market Maker performs the hedging of its clients' positions according to its policy, which includes offsetting various clients' positions, and hedging via liquidity providers (banks) and its equity capital, at its discretion.

A complete pattern recognition system consists of a sensor that gathers the observations to be classified or described; a feature extraction mechanism that computes numeric or symbolic information from the observations; and a classification or description scheme that does the actual job of classifying or describing observations, relying on the extracted features.